China and Poland established diplomatic relations on October 7, 1949. In June 2004, the two countries established a friendly and cooperative partnership. In December 2011, a strategic partnership was established.

In recent years, China and Poland have enjoyed close high-level exchanges. In January 2021, Chinese State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi had a telephone conversation with Polish Foreign Minister Rau. In February, Polish President Duda attended the China-Central and Eastern European Countries Summit via video link hosted by President Xi Jinping. In March, President Xi Jinping had a phone call with Polish President Duda at his request. In the same month, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi had a phone call with Polish Foreign Minister Rau at his request. In April, Wang Yang, Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, met with Polish Senate Speaker Grodzki via video link. In May, Polish Foreign Minister Rau visited China at the invitation. In July, Polish Senate Speaker Grodzki attended the opening ceremony of the Eco Forum Global Guiyang 2021 via video link and delivered a speech.

In February 2022, Polish President Duda came to China to attend the opening ceremony of the Beijing Winter Olympics. In June, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi co-chaired the third plenary meeting of the China-Poland Intergovernmental Cooperation Committee with Polish Foreign Minister Rau via video link. In July, President Xi Jinping had a phone call with Polish President Duda at his request. In September, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with Polish Foreign Minister Rau during the 77th session of the UN General Assembly.

In March 2023, Polish President Duda and Prime Minister Morawiecki sent congratulatory letters to President Xi Jinping and Premier Li Qiang on their inauguration.

In February 2024, Wang Yi, Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Minister of Foreign Affairs, met with Polish Foreign Minister Sikorski during the Munich Security Conference. In June, Polish President Duda made a state visit to China and attended the opening ceremony of the 15th Summer Davos Forum, during the visit President Xi Jinping held talks with him, and Premier Li Qiang and Zhao Leji，Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, also met with him separately. In September, Wang Yi again met with Polish Foreign Minister Sikorski during the Summit of the Future and the General Debate of the UN General Assembly.

Since 2005, Poland has maintained its position as China's largest trading partner in Central and Eastern Europe. In 2024, the trade volume between China and Poland was US$44.95 billion, a year-on-year increase of 7%. China and Poland have established an intergovernmental Joint Commission on Economic Cooperation. In June 2024, the 18th meeting of the China-Poland Joint Commission on Economic Cooperation was held in Warsaw.

The cooperation between financial institutions and trade cooperation institutions of the two countries has been deepened. In June and November 2012, Bank of China and Industrial and Commercial Bank of China set up branches in Warsaw. In May 2017, China Construction Bank opened a branch in Warsaw. In October 2013, the People's Bank of China approved the National Bank of Poland to enter China's interbank bond market with an investment amount of 6 billion yuan. In April 2015, Poland became a prospective founding member of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. In March 2016, the Polish Senate and the Sejm approved Poland’s accession to the AIIB. In April 2022, the Export-Import Bank of China Representative Office in Poland was officially established.

China and Poland have close exchanges and cooperation in the fields of science and technology, agriculture, culture and education. The two countries have established an intergovernmental commission on scientific and technological cooperation, a working group on agricultural cooperation, and signed protocols on cultural cooperation, higher education diplomas and degree agreements. In June 2024, China implemented unilateral visa-free policy for Polish citizens. Up to now, the two countries have established a total of 38 pairs of sister provinces and cities.